The Outline For Urie Bronfenbrenners

The Outline For Urie Bronfenbrenners Urie Bronfenbrenner theory is based on ecological theory, which is focusing on environmental factors (Santrock, 2011). The Urie Bronfenbrenners ecological theory is explained how natural environments can be a big influence to the development of persons. In other words, the development of persons can be affected by the surroundings from home to the wider context such as culture. Bronfenbrenner stated that there were many different levels and types of environment effects that might affect how a child grows and develops (Shaffer Kipp, 2010). There are the microsystem, the mesosystem, the exosystem, the macrosystem, and the chronosystem. The microsystem refers to the interactions between a person and the people surroundings him or closes to him. To put in differently, it is the small and immediate environment where the person lives in for instance a persons family, school, peers, neighborhood play area and work. The second of Bronfenbrenners environmental layers is the mesosystem. The mesosystem is defined as the relationship or connection between different parts of the microsystem like the relationships between family and teachers, family and peers, and teachers and religious group. Next is the exosystem. The exosytem level has the less interaction or may not have it all between the children or adolescents and the other people or places but they may affect the development of the person herself, for instance parents work environments, extended family members and neighborhood. Last but not least is the macrosystem. Bronfenbrenner defines that the macrosystem consists of cultural, subcultural, or social class context ( Shaffer Kipp, 2010). It is wide, and the largest level in this theory but still it has a great influence to the person. The macrosystem includes the economy, government, wars, the relative freedoms and cultural values. Therefore, the persons can get the positive and negative impact from this level. Finally is the chronosystem. The chronosystem is about how the pattern of individuals life is changing over time depending on the environmental events. Besides, the environmental changes caused by cognitive and biological changing that occur at the puberty as well as the age of the individual. How the Bronfenbrenners ecological theory apply to child development Family, teachers and community members play important role in raising children with applying values and customs to socialize them so they can contribute something to the society. From the views of Barbour, Barbour and Scully (2011), children develop some attitudes by observing actions, hearing words and surmising the feelings of significant others in their environment. At this point, family, peers and religious group are located in the Bronfenbrenners innermost environmental layer, or microsystem. It means people in the microsystem are the major influence of the child especially at the early age. Childrens perceptions and behaviors can be developed early from home and the direct interactions take place in the microsystem like the interaction between a child and parents, siblings, teachers and peer group. Besides, the good environment and better encouragement to the child will affect how better the child will grow up (Oswalt, 2008). According to Oswalt (2008), Each childs special genetic and biologically influenced personality traits, what is known as temperament, end up affecting how others treat them. Another case is how some parts in microsystem having the connections or interrelationships among them like parents, teachers and peers. For example, a childs parents have a good relationship with teachers will have a major influence on childrens learning and acceptance of school. Also parents and teachers support the childrens interest and the competition that they participate. As a result, it will help the childs overall growth. The child might feel confident about her talent and ability consequently will affect her performance in study and have good relationship with other people. This kind of interaction between different parts of the microsystem is called the mesosystem. . According to the Shaffer and Kipp (2010), Bronfenbrenner argues that development of a child will be effective if the connections between microsystems are strong and supportive. Conversely, if the connections are non-supportive, it can produce trouble on child. For the third environmental layer or exosystem, this may not have contact with the child but might affect the development of the child. As an illustration, parents work environment. If both parents have their own careers, it might cause the conflict between the caring for children and the responsibility at the workplace. The conflict is largely happened to the mother because beside responsibility for children, they also have full participation at the workplace. Therefore, this will give the impact to the children and the time for family interaction will decrease, increased dependence on child care and fewer choices in recreation. As a result the family will have less information about the childrens activities and the children only depending on her friends who can be good or bad friends. Oswalt (2008) states that the child at home can possibly be affected by a parents experience at work. Then, another environment is about the larger context called the macrosystem. For example, the family role in culture, how children should be treated, what they should be taught and the goals they should achieve. The styles of interaction within family will reflect the roles expected of children (Barbour, Barbour Scully, 2011). For instance, in most European American families encourage their children to go outside and find and establish other relationship. While in Asian families cultures, they pay respect for elders and the children are expected to be family oriented and encouraged to work hard for the family. To sum up, very family has different styles in raising their children and from that it will influence their behavior. Lastly is the chronosystem. The chronosystem is about how the feeling, perceptions and attitudes of child can be changed over time. This model includes a temporal dimension (Shaffer Kipp, 2010). It is focusing on the ecological context of development or the transformation of the child can influence the way that development is likely to take (Shaffer Kipp, 2010). For instance, when the child is found out he is an adopted child, he will feel rejected and abandoned. He will have low self -esteem and struggle with identity development issues. This event may affect the child for a few years, but after he has grown up, the curiosity, sensitivity and the rebellious are becoming less and the interaction with family will be more stable. After all, the environmental factors like age, cognitive and biological changing play a major role in human development. How the Bronfenbrenners ecological theory apply children in preschool and early primary levels Normally children are only exposed to the family at home until they are placed in day care, preschool classes and begin their formal schooling. When they grow up, there are more exposures from many sources to them. In the microsystem, family is one of the factors that affect children in development. Furthermore, family plays important role to the physical development of children in aspect of education and family income. Family who has good education and good income usually has awareness with their diet. Therefore, parents will model healthy eating habits for their children, who are also dependent what food is put in the table. When the child gets enough nutrition in his diet, he will develop well. Besides that, environmental factors like family and peers also affect the social development of child. For example, when a child is shy, aside from inherited characteristic from a parent, it also can be caused from interaction between parents and child. Sometimes, parents are having less in teraction with the child and the parents dont even speak to each other. It will affect the social development of child, however, the difficulty to have appropriate sociality with peers will decrease after he enters the school. It can be concluded that, parents can influence the social actions of child but it will change after being exposed to the peers, hence surely can be influential factor to the development of child. The interaction between people in the microsystem is essential for the development of child in the aspect of emotional development. For instance, family-teacher relationship that many people overlooked the importance of this relationship especially the teachers that only focus on to their relationship with children only. Children in the school always feel insecure, difficult to accept criticism, or punishment and unadaptable. Therefore, parents and teacher should work together for childs growth and development. Teacher can know the family background of the child and their culture. Furthermore, it is really important for teacher to maintain the childrens culture since cultural identity and family connectedness are critical emotional health. In addition, both teacher and parents can discuss the childrens problem in school and together helping to solve the problems that may have lifelong consequences. Also, when their relationship is good, they can inform one another and the information might be useful and has lifelong effects on the child. Invite families to the social events in school and hold a parent-teacher conferences are some of the ways to build the partnership. On the whole, this relationship can provide support to children and build childrens emotional health. Next we proceed to the level where children do not make any contact with these people and places but still have an effect on them. This level is the exosystem. Parents workplaces and mass media can be a largely affected to the children in term of emotional problems and cognitive development. Parents nowadays usually spend their time at work more than at home with their children. It will result in having less time to spend with children. They dont have time to know their childrens activities, they cant control their children and they dont have time to help their children in developing important skills. Stress at work also influences the children because they might release their stress by resting and sleeping at home and lead to have less interaction with children. So then, the emotional problem will be faced by children because dont have bond with parents. Studies have shown children who are given plenty of attention and love usually less have emotional problems than those who do. Bes ides that, mass media also influences the development of children. Children can develop and acquire the cognitive development from the good television shows. For example Blues Clues, Dora the Explorer, Go Diego Go!, and The Smurfs. Moreover, another electronic media source is internet that also contributes the cognitive development of children. It provides children to solve problems, practice skills and creativity, and widen their knowledge base (Barbour, Barbour Scully, 2011). For instance, practice chess, puzzle word and creative writing. But, as long as parents monitor their children from accessing inappropriate websites, internet can be a rich resource for childrens lives. The next layer of Bronfenbrenners ecological theory is the macrosystem. Government plays a big role to the development of children. What government can do is enacting the law for protecting the children hence to ensure the well-being of development of children. The examples of the law are Education Act 1996 [Act 550] and The Compulsory Education Act. Both are related to the compulsory for parents to make sure their children attend preschool and primary school. Preschool Education is for all children to improve their necessary skills at the early age and the programmes are provided by Government in rural and urban area. The purposes are to develop basic communication skills, and characters, moral values, doing physical activities for good health and improve critical thinking skills through senses. Besides, the Education system in preschool emphasizes on nine elements for children development like Malay language, English language, Islamic education, moral studies, civics education and childrens physical development. From the policies, personal development and the socialization process can be acquired by children and can affect children positively. Summary Children acquire many things from surroundings for their development and they depend on how good and bad of their environmental are. Adult people should know their roles as parents, teachers and societies to the development of children. Although they affect the childrens growth and development in some ways, their behaviors and viewpoints also affect their perceptions and attitudes. However, adult also can be influenced by children. The family is the major influence in the systems because they are the most trusted by children. So it is essential for family to stress on the development of children in the elements of physical, cognitive, emotional and social development. The place also like home, is supposed to be the suitable place for children to develop with more tools provided and more interaction with children. Even though some environment is out of familys control, but they can do their best to develop their children necessaries skills for their lifelong consequences.

1984 vs Brave New World Essays -- essays research papers

1984 vs. Brave New World   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1984 and Brave New World, written by George Orwell and Aldous Huxley, respectively, are both books that reflect the authors vision of how society would end up at the course it was going at the time of the writing of the book. Both books were written more than fifty years ago, but far enough apart that society was going in a totally different direction at the time. There are many ways to compare these two books and point out the similarities. On certain, deep levels they are very much the same, while at first glance, on the surface, they are very different. One point that in some parts is the same and some very different, is the governments in each of these books method’s of control.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The first thing to think about is how the governments control the newborns, infants, and children. In 1984, children are taught as early as possible all the thoughts and teachings the government wants them to. With these teachings being carved into their brains also comes intense loyalty, each child of the Party is ready and willing to turn their parents in to the authorities at the first sign of heretical thoughts. They are taught this as early as possible to keep them from having time of form independent thoughts of their own. The newborns of Brave New World in some cases are not even alive long enough to have thoughts of their own. People are no longer born, they are grown and hatched to fill a need of the so...

Music Therapy Essay

Music therapy is the use of music by health care professionals to promote healing and enhance quality of life for their patients. Music therapy may be used to encourage emotional expression, promote social interaction, relieve symptoms, and for other purposes. Music therapists may use active or passive methods with patients, depending on the individual patient’s needs and abilities. The idea of music as a healing influence which could affect health and behavior is as least as old as the writings of Aristotle and Plato. Native Americans and other indigenous groups have used music to enhance traditional healing practices for centuries. Traditional Chinese medicine practitioners have used music for healing. Traditional ragas (â€Å"melodic modes† used in classical music in India) have also been used to create different states of mind for healing. The 20th century profession formally began after World War I and World War II when community musicians of all types, both amateur and professional, went to Veterans hospitals around the country to play for the thousands of veterans suffering both physical and emotional trauma from the wars. The patients’ notable physical and emotional responses to music led the doctors and nurses to request the hiring of musicians by the hospitals. It was soon evident that the hospital musicians needed some prior training before entering the facility and so the demand grew for a college curriculum. A very brief historical glimpse of this fascinating profession follows, below. The earliest known reference to music therapy appeared in 1789 in an unsigned article in Columbian Magazine titled â€Å"Music Physically Considered.† In the early 1800s, writings on the therapeutic value of music appeared in two medical dissertations, the first published by Edwin Atlee (1804) and the second by Sam uel Mathews (1806). Atlee and Mathews were both students of Dr. Benjamin Rush, a physician and psychiatrist who was a strong proponent of using music to treat medical diseases. The 1800s also saw the first recorded music therapy intervention in an institutional setting (Blackwell’s Island in New York) as well as the first recorded systematic experiment in music therapy (Corning’s use of music to alter dream states during psychotherapy). Early associations with the interest in music therapy continued to gain support during the early 1900s leading to the formation of several  short-lived associations. In 1903, Eva Augusta Vescelius founded the National Society of Musical Therapeutics. In 1926, Isa Maud Ilsen founded the National Association for Music in Hospitals. And in 1941, Harriet Ayer Seymour founded the National Foundation of Music Therapy. Although these organizations contributed the first journals, books, and educational courses on music therapy, they unfortunately were not able to develop an organized clinical profession. In the 1940s, three persons began to emerge as innovators and key players in the development of music therapy as an organized clinical profession. Psychiatrist and music therapist Ira Altshuler, MD promoted music therapy in Michigan for three decades. Willem van de Wall pioneered the use of music therapy in state-funded facilities and wrote the first â€Å"how to† music therapy text, Music in Institutions (1936). E. Thayer Gaston, known as the â€Å"father of music therapy,† was instrumental in moving the profession forward in terms of an organizational and educational standpoint. The first music therapy college training programs were also created in the 1940s. Michigan State University established the first academic program in music therapy (1944) and other universities followed suit, including the University of Kansas, Chicago Musical College, College of the Pacific, and Alverno College. I was going to pick a few of these and talk about them but, all in all, music therapy helps so many people that I will talk about the overall outcome of what music therapy does for everyone I have listed: Children, adolescents, adults, and the elderly with mental health needs, developmental and learning disabilities, Alzheimer’s disease and other aging related conditions, substance abuse problems, brain injuries, physical disabilities, and acute and chronic pain, including mothers in labor, plus soldiers with PTSD. Scientific studies have shown the value of music therapy on the body, mind, and spirit of children and adults. Researchers have found that music therapy, when used with anti-nausea drugs for patients receiving high-dose chemotherapy, can help ease nausea and vomiting. A number of clinical trials have shown the benefit of music therapy for short-term pain, including pain from cancer. Some studies have suggested that music may help decrease the overall intensity of the patient’s experience of pain when used with pain-relieving drugs. Music therapy can also result in decreased need for pain medicine in some patients, although studies on this topic have shown  mixed results. In hospice patients, one study found that music therapy improved comfort, relaxation, and pain control. Another study found that quality of life improved in cancer patients who received music therapy, even as it declined in those who did not. No differences were seen in survival between the 2 groups. A more recent clinical trial looked at the effects of music during the course of several weeks of radiation treatments. The researchers found that while emotional distress (such as anxiety) seemed to be helped at the beginning of treatment, the patients reported that this effect gradually decreased. Music did not appear to help such symptoms as pain, fatigue, and depression over the long term. Other clinical trials have revealed a reduction in heart rate, blood pressure, breathing rate, insomnia, depression, and anxiety with music therapy. No one knows all the ways music can benefit the body, but studies have shown that music can affect brain waves, brain circulation, and stress hormones. These effects are usually seen during and shortly after the music therapy. Studies have shown that students who take music lessons have improved IQ levels, and show improvement in nonmusical abilities as well. Other studies have shown that listening to music composed by Mozart produces a short-term improvement in tasks that use spatial abilities. Studies of brain circulation have shown that people listening to Mozart have more activity in certain areas of the brain. This has been called the â€Å"Mozart effect.† Although the reasons for this effect are not completely clear, this kind of information supports the idea that music can be used in many helpful ways. Music affects people in ways that no other art or therapy can match; it distracts the mind, slows the body’s rhythms, alters moods, and influences behavior. It seems that music holds universal appeal and provides a bridge in a non-threatening setting between people and individuals within their environment. It facilitates relationships, learning, self-expression and communication. Music captures and helps maintain attention, it is highly-motivating and can be used as a natural â€Å"fortifier† for desired responses. Music therapy can enable people without verbal communication to communicate, participate and express themselves nonverbally. It also ass ists in the development of verbal communication, speech, and language skills. Music provides concrete, multi-layer/sensory stimulation, in visual, tactile, vestibular, and auditory. Researchers have shown that the power of rhythmic drumming helps  those with motor control illnesses, such as Parkinson’s disease. In that it uses regular tempo and rhythms to overcome their fast, slow and sometimes frozen moments. Using music in labor and delivery, helps the mother with improved abilities to walk and decreased pain in labor. In children fighting cancer exposed to singing showed an increase of the antibody IgA – a key component in stimulating immune system that helps the body fight the disease. For those with profound cognitive impairments, autism, and mental and physical disabilities, their brains respond more easily to music therapy than to speech. When in tachycardia, cardiac patients were able to reduce their heart rates to 50-60 beats per minute when listening to music that was exactly 50-60 beats a minute. Mentally handicapped children participating in music therapy programs has increased concentration, performance, self-control, and improved speech. For chronic pain patients, bringing into resonance the vibrations of pain with the vibrations of music alters the psychological perception of pain – even altering the pain or eliminating it. Increasing brainwaves has proven effective for people with ADHD and ADD, and various other learning disabilities. Slowing down the brainwaves has shown to help patients get to sleep, relax, find passion and happiness. The ability of music to change our mood seems to be related to the production of different chemicals in the brain. Endorphins triggered by music listening and music-making provide a kind of natural pain relief, where dopamine leads to feelings of buoyancy, optimism, energy and power. Impacts are even more potent for group music-making, because shared, positive experiences also release oxytocin, a brain tool for building trust. In this way, musical relationships develop encouraging non-verbal and emotional expression and building self-esteem, motivation and confidence. Symposium organizer Gabe Turow, a visiting scholar at the time in Stanford’s Department of Music, compared the effects of music therapy to taking medication. â€Å"We may be sitting on one of the most widely available and cost effective therapeutic modalities that has ever existed†, he also stated â€Å"Systematically, this could be like taking a pill. Listening to music seems to be able to change brain functioning to the same extent as medications, in many circumstances.†

The Problem Of The Crisis Of Bundelkhand Region Is...

Based on the analysis, certain problems and policy formulations regarding various issues prevailing in Bundelkhand region is pointed out. In general Bundelkhand region is affected by the menace of droughts since over a decade. As the article emphasise that the major reason behind the grief and catastrophe in the region is drought followed by flood, hailstorm and irregularity in rainfall. But ecological and environmental factors alone are not responsible for the crisis in the region. There are other reasons such as failure of government programmes which has been applied for mitigating drought and other programmes related to nutrition and food security. Thus government cannot simply blame the crisis as a natural phenomenon and there are†¦show more content†¦For overcoming the problem related to PDS one should give emphasis to universal public distribution system as in other state of India such as Kerala, Chhattisgarh and Tamil Nadu instead of targeted public distribution syste m (TPDS). The reason is, in TPDS one has to target the beneficiaries to find out who deserves BPL category and who deserves APL category and it is in the process of targeting where the biasness and corruption starts. But when the distribution system becomes universal means everyone is eligible corruption declines because it reduces the power of authorities to do corruption through colluding and divergence and leakage of foodgrains also decline manifold. Moreover, rich will be automatically excluded because he do not have enough times to come to the ration shop, stand in line and wait for his turn to purchase the grain but real poor can wait for its turn. Since major portion of population in the region is rural and is dependent on agriculture in one way or the other and when drought occurs their livelihood is severely hampered. Thus there must be some substitute work so that the people can earn their livelihood. As far as industrialisation is considered this region is the most poor though it is very rich in resource availability. In comparison with other parts of the state Bundelkhand region have only 1.5 per cent of

Game Theory and Best Decision Essay - 631 Words

Homework Assignment 1 Decision Analysis Questions 1-6 refer to the following A family business is considering making an investment in its manufacturing operation. Three decisions are under consideration: (1) a large investment; (2) a medium investment; and (3) a small investment. The business believes that there are three possible future outcomes for its product: (1) increasing demand; (2) stable demand; and (3) decreasing demand. The following payoff table describes the decision situation. |States of Nature | |Decision |Increasing Demand |Stable Demand |Decreasing Demand†¦show more content†¦5. If the business believes that the probability for increasing, stable and decreasing product demand are 0.4, 0.5, and 0.1, identify the best decision using the rule of maximum expected monetary value. |States of Nature |Show MoreRelatedGame Theory : An Integral Part Of Human Existence1570 Words   |  7 Pagesexistence. Individuals make strategic decisions every day; whether they are deciding who to spend their time with, what to offer in a trade, or how to accomplish something that they want. Game theory is the study of all strategic decision making. However, my paper is on the topic of algorithmic game theory, which is the application of game theory to algorithm design. â€Å"Algorithmic game theory is the area in the intersection of algorithm design and game theory whose goal is to design algorithms inRead MoreStrategic Behavior And Game Theory989 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction Strategic behavior and game theory coincide together in many ways. Strategic behavior plans happen within the confines of game theory. Silva, Mota, and Gril (2015) describe game theory and all that is involved with it as â€Å"one of the most powerful tools within social science in general and economics† (p. 421). With this statement, a deeper look into the measures that sum up strategic behavior and game theory is essential for an understanding of a firm’s decision in the global economy. StrategicRead MoreGame Theory Essay823 Words   |  4 PagesGame Theory was said to have been introduced by Emile Borel in 1921. Borel was a French mathematician who published papers on the theory of games. From this standpoint and according to the article â€Å"Game Theory†, Borel could have been named the â€Å"first mathematician to envision an organized system for playing games† however; evidence has shown that Borel did not develop his ideas any further. This is the reason why most historians have given credit to John Von Neumann. Von Neumann was born in 1903Read MoreTaking a Look at Game Theory1231 Words   |  5 PagesGAME THEORY Introduction: Game theory is the study of strategic decision making, cooperation and conflicts. The concepts appear when the actions of several agents are independent. The agents are like groups, individuals, firms or any combination of these. These ideology of provides a language to formulate, structure, analyze, and strategic scenarios. Specifically, it is the study of mathematical models of conflict and cooperation between intelligent rational decision makers. This is mainly usedRead MoreJohn F. Nash s A Beautiful Mind Mathematician1448 Words   |  6 Pageson the theory of non-cooperative games, in other words John Nash received a Nobel Prize for his work in Game theory. Except for one course in economics that he took as an undergraduate, Nash had not any formal training in economics. John Nash had a Ph.D. in mathematics in 1950, but the Nobel Prize he received four decades later was for the contribution he made to game theory in his 1950 Ph.D. thesis. In his work, he introduced the distinc tion between cooperative and non-cooperative games. In non-cooperativeRead MoreA Study Of Computer System1581 Words   |  7 Pages Since 1987, a study of computer system to support clinical decision making has been proposed by Edward H. Shortliffe[5], with the rapid development of computer science, this approach is applied more and more often and not only in clinical situation. As a tool, computer system could be used to collect data, make statistics and calculation with no problem. According to Sprague study, Decision Support System has been defined[6]ï ¼Å' Decision Support system aims to gathering and store the knowledge-basedRead MoreThe Price Of Two Churro Stands At The Mount1717 Words   |  7 PagesInstead of games being done in matrices, extensive form games are done in the form of decision trees which are rather similar to binary search trees in data structures. So, if we were to recycle the Alice and Bob matrix from earlier, we could format it so that Bob’s chur ro stand would be the node of the game, and there would be two children that contain two choices: price churros at $4 or price churros at $4.50. Then the children on those children will have the payoffs. Another type of game would beRead MoreThe Theory Of Game Theory1616 Words   |  7 PagesGame theory is one to more complexed topics but reveals a clear understanding from different scholars. Don Ross explained that game theory is the study that interacts with the different choices of economics agents which bring forth many different outcomes with the point to the preferences of those agents, where the outcomes in question might have been intended by none of the agents (Ross, 2016). The properties that game theory considers in economic situations include two or more economic actorsRead MoreLords of War Simulation1402 Words   |  6 PagesThe Lords of War Simulation is best described by the neo-liberalist theory. Neo-liberalism best describes this game because it supports the ideology that everything humans do is in their own self interest. The theory also believes that people only cooperate with each other out of fear; actions of people playing Lords of War validate this theory. To succeed, neo-liberals need cooperation, institutions to mediate, as well as a fear of being defected on. Neo- liberals do not feel that humans are goodRead MoreStochastic Game Models Within Cyber Security- A Survey1651 Words   |  7 Pages Stochastic game models in cyber security- a survey Kandethody Ramachandran and Zheni Stefanova University of South Florida Department of Mathematics and Statistics Tampa, FL 33620-5700 Abstract The internet is an integral way of conducting daily business from government agencies to entertainers. Protection of attack, damage, or unauthorized access is necessary with the increase of mobile users, digital applications and data networks. A cyber-security problem can be viewed as a conflict-resolution

Is A College Education Important - 957 Words

Is having a college education important? What is the value of a college degree? What does society say? The intent of this paper is to discuss arguments regarding whether or not college degrees are worthwhile or even necessary. Going to college after high school is a choice. Most parents want their child to go to school and obtain a college degree because they think with a college degree their child will go far in life and have a better life. Most people recognize the importance of attending college. At one point in my life I thought I would never be able to go to college because of my background and finances that posed an enormous problem. However, I have now been given the opportunity to obtain an education, but it is up to me if I†¦show more content†¦About one hundred years ago, the richest and most successful man in the United States, Andrew Carnegie, thought a college education was very unnecessary and not only that, he also thought that a college education was actually detrimental for young adults. As he remarked in the same article, â€Å"A college education unfits rather than fits men affairs.† At that time in United States history, only four percent of young adults attended college . If you look at the United States today, a much higher percentage of young adults will most likely attend college after graduating high school. Society has evolved over the years. Previously, society was very different than today. In 2013, people who enrolled to a four-year institution totaled14 million. The number of enrolled students is expected to jump to 20 million the next few years. Some are older students, and 70 percent of them are young adults that attend college right after high school, This number is up significantly from the 1970’s and 80’s, according to Gallup Poll News Service. About two thirds of high school students do believe going to college after high school is their best choice. Just like you eat dinner at the house and you automatically clean afterwards, perhaps the same expectation could be said for going to college automatically after you finish high school. However, there are current day people who also believe college degrees are not always necessary. According to Billitteri in CQ Researcher,

The Dead of the Night free essay sample

The best novels stand the test of time, providing the reader with an interesting story as well as conveying important themes and ideas† In John Marsden’s sequel to â€Å"Tomorrow When the War Began†, set in rural modern day Australia, comes his second novel of seven â€Å"The Dead of the Night†. John Marsden’s â€Å"TDOTN† has stood the test of time, by providing the readers with an interesting story as well as conveying important themes and ideas. We will write a custom essay sample on The Dead of the Night or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The themes and ideas of â€Å"Death and Destruction†, â€Å"Relationships and Friendships† and â€Å"Warfare and Survival†, are used to convey important messages to the readers, by relating back to the teenagers life, and teenage audience. Using narrative told in first person narration by teenager Ellie, Marsden reinforces this by using styles and techniques such as Humour and Juxtaposition, to convey important messages to the readers and teenage audience, thus making the novel an interesting story, and withstand the test of time, by conveying important themes and ideas. The theme of Death and Destruction is discussed in the novel â€Å"TDOTN†. The first encounter with Death and Destruction was the incident in Butter Cup Lane (Ch4). While the group was hiding in Butter Cup Lane to ambush a convoy of soldiers, a foot patrol of soldiers went to urinate in the bushes right where Homer and Chris were hiding. Homer grabbed a shot gun and shot the soldier, wounding him. â€Å"Jesus help me without thinking about it, I deliberately pulled the trigger† – pg 60 Ch4. Ellie is quoting that she didn’t want to think about putting the wounded soldier out of his misery, because she was afraid that she may back out if she logically contemplated this idea through and through her mind. Marsden uses Ellie’s train of â€Å"no thought† to convey important messages to the readers for the reason that many teenagers also do the same with their actions and don’t think things through appropriately. This is how John Marsden, uses the theme of â€Å"Death and Destruction† to make his novel withstand the test of time, by providing the reader with an interesting story as well as conveying important themes and ideas. The theme of â€Å"Relationships and Friendships† is also discussed in the novel, â€Å"TDOTN†, the initial encounter of relationships and friendships was when Homer declared a group meeting in the first chapter, to get the group back n track. The meeting helped the group come together as one again, after they were feeling sorry for themselves, for abandoning Kevin and Corrie. â€Å"We’ve spun our head for weeks. We’ve been upset and we’ve been scared. It’s time for us to take charge of our heads again, to be brave again to do the things we have to do† – pg 8-9 Ch1. This means that the group has been moping around for a very long time. They have been upset and scared of what lies ahead of them. Homer, who seems to be taking on a leadership role, says that it’s time for them to get back on track. To find Kevin and Corrie, and to see if any other guerrilla groups exists like them. Marsden conveys important themes and ideas, through the theme of â€Å"Relationships and Friendships†, making it an interesting story, because teenagers are also experimenting with their friends and relationships too, just like Ellie and Lee, and this makes teens question whether they’d in fact do the same for their own friends. John Marsden uses the current day to day dramas, to provide his readers with an interesting novel, in the way that the teenagers deal with their problems in their circumstances and conditions. This illustrates that â€Å"TDOTN† can withstand the test of time, providing the readers with an interesting story as well as conveying important themes and ideas. Marsden’s novel â€Å"TDOTN† can stand the test of time, by providing the readers with an interesting story as well as conveying important themes and ideas, through the theme of â€Å"Warfare and Survival†. Issues of these circumstances, include surviving the attack on Harvey’s Heroes, living in Hell and surviving all the staking and hiding out all over Wirrawee. One specific incident which highlights this theme is Butter Cup Lance. The teenagers before they attack the convoy of soldiers sit down and play their tactics and discuss what will happen and the procedures if something goes terribly wrong. Their dialogue and speech also shows their fear of the war and their survival instincts. â€Å"And suppose a patrol had jumped us? Suppose we’d been caught with sawn off shot guns? We’d all be put up against a tree and shot and you’d have 5 peoples blood on your hands† – pg 92. Ellie is yelling at Homer, because he had gone against the group and what they’d agreed upon and brought the shot guns anyway, this jeopardising their own survival. In addition to this Homer has broken their trust and put their survival at stake, this relates back to teenagers for the reason that friendships are built on trust. This is how Marsden uses the theme of â€Å"Warfare and Survival† to convey important themes and ideas, and provide the readers, with an interesting story, thus making â€Å"TDOTN† stand the test of time. In â€Å"TDOTN† Marsden uses the narrative structure of first person narration to effectively provide the reader with an interesting story, as well as allowing â€Å"TDOTN† to stand the test of time. Marsden uses Ellie’s own words and experiences to convey her feelings and emotions to the readers by using the authentic voice of a seventeen year old female. Ellie uses â€Å"I, we† and slang and colloquial languages, to tell her story. A good example of this is when Ellie is bringing everything up to date at the end of the novel on pg 270. â€Å"The only thing that I have to write to bring this up to date is about Chris. And what I put won’t be very logical. I’m so mixed up with my feelings about it all. † The narrative also follows the structure of intertwined action, storyline and drama. Ellie sometimes gets off track with future endeavours and ideas. This is how Marsden used first person narration to provide the readers with an interesting story, by using the authentic voice of a seventeen year old female, therefore making the novel stand the test of time. The techniques of Humour is exercised in the novel â€Å"TDOTN†, by breaking the tense atmosphere with humorous instances, to provide the reader with an interesting story, thus making â€Å"TDOTN† stand the test of the time. There are numerous examples which implement Humour in the novel. One of them being, when Major Harvey from the Harvey’s Heroes campsite was introducing his second in command, â€Å"Captain Killen† (Punn) to the teenagers. â€Å"In a few moments I will introduce to you my second in command, Captain Killen† – pg 109. Marsden used a Punn (form of Humour) to play on the words of the second in commands name. Another example was when the group walked into Major Harvey’s tent for the first time, and was shocked to discover how big and luxurious it was. â€Å"Major Harvey’s tent was so big by our standards† – pg 106. The teenagers were also shocked to discover that Major Harvey slept with a mosquito net. â€Å"Bit of a luxury that; â€Å"Fact is, I’ve got rather sensitive skin† – pg 106. Marsden uses Humour to provide the readers with an interesting story, by lightening our mood; he uses Punn and Humour to make fun of Major Harvey in the way that he is meant to be a tough leader/soldier and this shows the complete opposite of him. It shows that Major Harvey is high maintenance. This is how Marsden illustrates Humour in â€Å"TDOTN†, by providing the reader with an interesting story, thus withstanding the test if time. John Marsden also uses the style and technique of Juxtaposition to provide his readers with an interesting story, by comparing Harvey’s Heroes efforts, to the group of teenagers in the war. â€Å"Huh! Some of them are weird! They entertained me for hours last night, telling me what heroes they are. Seem like their biggest thrill was setting fire to a truck that had been broken down. They’d seen the soldiers leave it there and drive off in a Ute, so danger level was two on a scale of nought to a hundred† – pg 114-115. Ellie and Homer find this funny because Harvey’s Heroes is a co-ordinated group of ADULTS not teenagers, and the group have dealt much more damage than Harvey’s Heroes. Marsden compares the teenagers in Hell to a group of animals, feeding, collecting food, doing it tough and hiding. â€Å"Burrows among the rocks†, â€Å"Running wild in the night†, Ellie quotes that they are acting like nocturnal animals. Marsden uses Juxtaposition to provide his readers with an interesting story, between our group of teenagers and their successes in the war compared to Harvey’s Heroes. This illustrates that â€Å"TDOTN† can withstand the test of time. In conclusion â€Å"TDOTN† can stand the test of time by providing the reader with an interesting story as well as conveying the reader with important themes and ideas. Marsden does so by using the important themes and ideas of â€Å"Death and Destruction†, â€Å"Relationships and Friendships† and â€Å"Warfare and Survival†. John Marsden uses styles and techniques of first person narration, Humour and Juxtaposition to bring an interesting story together as well as to convey important themes and ideas to the readers. Therefore this illustrates that John Marsden’s â€Å"The Dead of the Night† can stand the test of time.